Drug-PIN
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Evidence

The published record.

Drug-PIN has been studied in oncology, psychiatry and polypharmacy. Everything on this page is a document you can open yourself.

Publications

Fourteen peer-reviewed studies.

Colorectal, lung, breast and melanoma oncology, urothelial carcinoma, hospital polypharmacy, COVID-19, treatment-resistant depression and bipolar disorder, plus a head-to-head against expert pharmacogenetic counselling in 200 genotyped patients. All fourteen are indexed in PubMed and linked.

  1. 2025 Impact of drug–drug interactions on clinical outcomes in metastatic melanoma patients treated with combined BRAF/MEK inhibitors: a real-world study. Pigment Cell Melanoma ResIn 177 patients on BRAF/MEK inhibitors, low-grade interactions gave significantly longer overall survival (p = 0.0045) and progression-free survival (p = 0.012) than high-grade ones. Combining clinical and interaction data separated four subgroups with distinct prognoses (p < 0.0001). PMID 40451782
  2. 2024 Clinical impact of drug–drug interactions on abemaciclib in the real-world experience of AB-ITALY study. NPJ Breast CancerAcross 173 patients in twelve Italian hospitals, a score above 12 was associated with a median progression-free survival of 15 months against 23 (p = 0.0017), and the interaction burden held as an independent predictor in multivariate analysis (p = 0.02). PMID 39019916
  3. 2024 Recognizing and preventing unacknowledged prescribing errors associated with polypharmacy. Arch Public HealthIn 307 consecutive patients at a hospital pre-admission service, moderate to high risk of medication harm was predicted in 91 (29.6%), and in 58 of those (63.7%) exchanging medicines brought the risk back down. PMID 39232813
  4. 2022 Man vs. machine: comparison of pharmacogenetic expert counselling with a clinical medication support system in a study with 200 genotyped patients. Eur J Clin PharmacolAgreement with expert pharmacogenetic counselling above 90%, with turnaround falling from three to six working hours per patient to about ten minutes. PMID 34958399

The rest of the record.

  1. 2026 Evaluation of drug–drug interactions using Drug-PIN in patients receiving avelumab maintenance for advanced urothelial carcinoma: evidence from the MALVA study (Meet-URO 25). Oncol Ther PMID 42295550
  2. 2026 Clinical characteristics and drug–drug interactions in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab deruxtecan: real-world data from the DE-REAL study. Oncologist PMID 41587947
  3. 2023 The impact of drug–drug interactions on the toxicity profile of combined treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors in patients with BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma. Cancers (Basel) PMID 37760556
  4. 2022 Prescription advice based on data of drug–drug–gene interaction of patients with polypharmacy. Pharmgenomics Pers Med PMID 36004008
  5. 2022 Pharmacogenomics-guided pharmacotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder affected by treatment-resistant depressive episodes: a long-term follow-up study. J Pers Med PMID 35207804
  6. 2022 Comparison of computerised prescription support systems in COVID-19 patients: INTERCheck and Drug-PIN. SN Compr Clin Med PMID 34977463
  7. 2021 Individualised drugs’ selection by evaluation of drug properties, pharmacogenomics and clinical parameters: performance of a bioinformatic tool compared to a clinically established counselling process. Pharmgenomics Pers Med PMID 34385834
  8. 2021 An example of personalised treatment in an HR+ HER2+ long-survivor breast cancer patient (case report). Curr Oncol PMID 34070464
  9. 2021 Evaluation of drug–drug interactions in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer patients during treatment with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. J Pers Med PMID 34069851
  10. 2021 Drug–drug interactions and pharmacogenomic evaluation in colorectal cancer patients: the new Drug-PIN system comprehensive approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) PMID 33467633

The rule base

About 94% of the interaction rules carry a literature citation.

Of roughly 522,000 drug–drug interaction rules, 488,502 are backed by a reference to the published literature. That is the figure we would rather be judged on than the raw count: a large rule base is easy to assemble, a cited one is not.

The remaining rules are not unsourced. They are derived from the licensed national medicinal product catalogues and from manufacturer product information. Both are authoritative sources, though neither is a journal article.

Every rule is graded for severity before it can affect a score, and ungraded entries do not contribute. Nothing is in the rule base without a reason to be there; the citation figure counts how many of those reasons are a published paper.

Patent

The method is patented in Europe.

“System, method and software program for managing the interaction between drugs”, European patent EP 3942570, granted by the European Patent Office to Drug-PIN S.r.l. on application 19725213.3.

Read it, then try it.

Everything above is a document you can open. The next step is a patient of your own.

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